Presidential Memoranda and White House Statements
Departments, Agencies, and Offices with Classification Authority
The classification and protection of information on national security grounds has historical antecedents tracing back to the founding of the Nation but is of relatively recent vintage, arising in the post-World War II era with the dawn of the “atomic age” and the “Cold War.” See, e.g., The Nature of Government Secrecy, 26 Gov’t Info. Quarterly 305 (2009). Or in the words of the current executive order on national security classification, Executive Order 13,526(Dec. 29, 2009): “[T]hroughout our history, the national defense has required that certain information be maintained in confidence in order to protect our citizens, our democratic institutions, our homeland security, and our interactions with foreign nations.” In a post-9/11 world, this now includes matters of transnational terrorism and, from a homeland security standpoint, “weapons of mass destruction.”
Founded on presidential authority and responsibility under Article III of the Constitution, this realm of secrecy connects both to the withholding of requested information under Exemption 1 of the Freedom of Information Act and to the invocation of what is known as the state secrets privilegein non-FOIA litigation. But it is distinct from the realm of “pseudosecrecy,” in which agencies apply the “safeguarding” label of “Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI)” to records under Executive Order 13,556(Nov. 4, 2010).
Now, after decades of national security classification actions on millions or even billions of pages of records, the matter of information declassification, including on an “automatic” and “categorical” basis, as well as through more specific “mandatory declassification review,” looms large. So, too, does the Reducing Over-Classification Act, Public Law 111-258, which became law on Oct. 7, 2010. And in this “WikiLeaks era,” matters of “leaks” of classified informationand “surveillance secrecy”abound. Details and up-to-date status information are below.
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Executive Orders
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- President Obama
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- Presidential Policy Directive 19: Protecting Whistleblowers with Access to Classified Information (Oct. 10, 2012)
- Executive Order 13,526, Dec. 29, 2009 (completely effective as of June 27, 2010)
- ISOO Implementing Directive, 32 C.F.R. Part 2001, 75 Fed. Reg. 37,254 (June 28, 2010)
- ISOO Notice 2010-01: Status Update of ISOO Notices (Sept. 30, 2010)
- ISOO Notice 2010-02: Agencies Eligible/Ineligible to Receive Referrals (Sept. 30, 2010)
- Ramseyer Version of Executive Order 13,526 (indicating changes made in relation to Amended Executive Order 13,292)
- Draft Executive Order, Aug. 4, 2009
- Draft Executive Order and Amended Executive Order 13,292 (side-by-side comparison)
- Executive Order on Classified National Security Information Programs for State, Local, Tribal, and Private-Sector Entities (Exec. Order No. 13,549, Aug. 18, 2010)
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- President George W. Bush
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- President Carter
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- President Nixon
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- President Kennedy
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Presidential Memoranda and White House Statements
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- President Obama
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- Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies (Re: WikiLeaks — Mishandling of Classified Information), Nov. 28, 2010
- Ben Rhodes, The President Signs H.R. 553, The Reducing Over-Classification Act, The White House Blog, Oct. 7, 2010
- Designation of Classification Authorities, Dec. 29, 2009
- Implementation of Executive Order 13,526, Dec. 29, 2009
- William H. Leary, Promoting Openness and Accountability by Making Classification a Two-Way Street, White House Blog, Dec. 29, 2009
- Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies (Re: Classified Information and Controlled Unclassified Information), May 27, 2009
- Remarks at the National Archives and Records Administration, May 21, 2009
- President George W. Bush
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- Memorandum on Review of Recommendations From the Public Interest Declassification Board, Jan. 29, 2008
- New designation of Classification Authority (OSTP), Sept. 17, 2003
- New designation of Classification Authority (Agriculture), Sept. 26, 2002
- New designation of Classification Authority (EPA), May 6, 2002
- New designation of Classification Authority (HHS), Dec. 1, 2001
- President Clinton
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- Statement on the Appointment of John S.D. Eisenhower as Chairman of the Interagency Classification Review Committee, May 17, 1972
- Order Designating Authority to Classify Information or Material Within the Executive Office of the President, Mar. 8, 1972
- Statement on Establishing a New System for Classification and Declassification of Government Documents Relating to National Security, Mar. 8, 1972
- President Kennedy
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- President Eisenhower
Departments, Agencies, and Offices with Classification Authority
- Foreign Classification Designations
- Congressional Hearings
- Legislative Materials
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- H.R. 553, “Reducing Over-Classification Act” (as introduced on Jan. 15, 2009and signed into lawon Oct. 7, 2010 as Pub. L. No. 111-258)
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- “Reducing Over-Classification Act” Report of the Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs United States Senate to Accompany H.R. 553, May 27, 2010
- Congressional Budget Office, Cost Estimate, H.R. 553, Reducing Over-Classification Act, Mar. 26, 2010
- CRS Summary, H.R. 553
- Rep. Jane Harman (D-CA), Floor Statement on H.R. 553
- H.R. 2701, Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 (as signed into law on Oct. 7, 2010 as Pub. L. No. 11-259)
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- Statement by President on the Intelligence Authorization Act, Oct. 7, 2010
- President Obama, Statement of Administration Policy: H.R. 2701- Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010
- Rep. Silvestre Reyes (D-TX), Chairman Reyes Statement on Enactment of the Intelligence Authorization Bill, Oct. 7, 2010
- CRS Summary, H.R. 2701
- Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate, H.R. 2701, June 25, 2009
- S. 2929, 111th Cong., Statements on Introduced Bills and Joint Resolutions, Dec. 23, 2009
- S. 3405, 110th Cong., Statements on Introduced Bills and Joint Resolutions, July 31, 2008
- Public Interest Declassification Act of 2000, Pub. L. No. 106-567, 114 Stat. 2856 (Dec. 27, 2000), 50 U.S.C. § 435 note
- Classified Information Procedures Act (CIPA), Pub. L. No. 96-456, 94 Stat. 2025 (Oct. 15, 1980) (amended by Pub. L. No. 100-690, 102 Stat. 4396 (Nov. 18, 1988), 18 U.S.C. App. III
- Atomic Energy Act of 1954, 42 U.S.C. § 2014(y) (regarding information pertaining to nuclear and radiological weapons classified as “Restricted Data” and “Formerly Restricted Data,” as accommodated in Exec. Order No. 13,526, Sec. 6.2(a))
- Act of January 12, 1938, 52 Stat. 3 (1938) (cited in Exec. Order No. 8381, Mar. 22, 1940)
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Classification
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- Information Security Oversight Office (ISOO)
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- Marking Classified National Security Information, ISOO Implementing Directive, 32 C.F.R. Part 2001, (Dec. 2010)
- ISOO Implementing Directive, 32 C.F.R. Part 2001, 75 Fed. Reg. 37,254 (June 28, 2010)
- ISOO Notice 2010-01: Status Update of ISOO Notices (Sept. 30, 2010)
- ISOO Notice 2010-02: Agencies Eligible/Ineligible to Receive Referrals (Sept. 30, 2010)
- Marking Classified National Security Information, Oct. 2007
- Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Executive Order 13,292
- Revisions to Executive Order 12,958 on Classified National Security Information
- Changes to Classified Document Markings, Oct. 10, 2003
- Classified Information Nondisclosure Agreement Briefing Booklet, Spring 2001
- Methodology for Determining Appropriateness of an Original Classification Decision
- Policy Documents
- ISOO Classified National Security Information Directive No. 1, Mar. 31, 2006
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- Interagency Security Classification Appeals Panel (ISCAP)
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Declassification
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- Information Security Oversight Office Guidance (ISOO)
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- Reports
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- Audit Report Withdrawal of Records from Public Access at the National Archives and Records Administration for Classification Purposes, Apr. 26, 2006
- Report to the President: An Assessment of Declassification in the Executive http://abovethelaw.com/2013/09/law-student-prepares-appellate-brief-after-his-fantasy-football-trade-gets-vetoed/Branch, Sept. 21, 2005
- Report to the President: An Assessment of Declassification in the Executive Branch, Nov. 30, 2004
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- Interagency Security Classification Appeals Panel (ISCAP) Guidance
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- Public Interest Declassification Board (PIDB)
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- Statement by Harold C. Relyea Before the U.S. Public Interest Declassification Board, July 22, 2010
- Response From the National Security Advisor, Sept. 2, 2009
- Letter to National Security Advisor, July 21, 2009
- Summary of Comments Received from the Public, July 21, 2009
- Letter from National Security Advisor, June 2, 2009
- Letter to the President, Mar. 6, 2009
- Improving Declassification: A Report to the President, December 2007
- 2006 Annual Report Letter
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- 2006 Annual Report-Sen. Kit Bond Cover Letter(additional cover letters sent to Sen. Susan M. Collins, Rep. Tom Davis, Rep. Peter Hoekstra, Sen. Joseph I. Lieberman, Rep. Silvestre Reyes, Sen. John D. Rockefeller, IV, Rep. Henry A. Waxman)
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- Board Meeting Minutes (Feb. 25, 2006-)
- Declassification Policy Forum
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- PIDB Letter dated July 21, 2009 to National Security Advisor General Jones for Revisions to Executive Order 12,958
- Letter dated Aug. 1, 2009 to National Security Advisor General Jones for Revisions to Executive Order 12,958 on behalf of OpenTheGovernment.org, several coalition partners, and advocates (including CGS)
- Letter of Denial From National Security Advisor General Jones (regarding revisions to Executive Order 12,958), Sept. 2, 2009
- Summary of Comments Received From the Public for the Review of Executive Order 12,958, as Amended, “Classified National Security Information”
- National Declassification Center
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- Bi-annual Report on Operations of the National Declassification Center, Jan. 1, 2012- June 30, 2012
- Bi-annual Report on Operations of the National Declassification Center, July 1, 2011- Dec. 31, 2011
- Bi-annual Report on Operations of the National Declassification Center, Jan. 1, 2011- June 30, 2011
- Bi-annual Report on Operations of the National Declassification Center, Jan. 1, 2010- June 30, 2010
- Bi-annual Report on Operations of the National Declassification Center, Jan. 1, 2010- Dec. 31, 2010
- National Declassification Center Prioritization Plan, June 1, 2010
- Press Release, National Declassification Center Issues First Report, National Archives and Records Administration, July 23, 2010
- Press Release, National Archives to Host June 23rd Public Forum on Prioritization Plan for the National Declassification Center, National Archives and Records Administration, June 1, 2010
- Presentation of the National Declassification Center, The National Declassification Center: Releasing What We Can, Protecting What We Must, Michael J. Kurtz, February 2010
- Press Release, Archivist of the United States Announces Establishment of the National Declassification Center, Dec. 30, 2009
- Frequently Asked Questions
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Sample FOIA Exemption 1 Decisions
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- ACLU v. DOD, 628 F.3d 612 (D.C. Cir. 2011)
- Armstrong v. Executive Office of the President, 97 F.3d 575 (D.C. Cir. 1996)
- EPA v. Mink, 410 U.S. 73 (1973)
- Frugone v. CIA, 169 F.3d 772 (D.C. Cir. 1999)
- Goland v. CIA, 607 F.2d 339 (D.C. Cir. 1978)
- Goldberg v. Dep’t of State, 818 F.2d 71 (D.C. Cir. 1987)
- Larson v. Dep’t of State, 2009 WL 1258276 (D.C. Cir. 2009)
- Lesar v. Dep’t of Justice, 455 F. Supp. 921 (D.D.C. 1978)
- McDonnell v. United States, 4 F.3d 1227 (3d Cir. 1993)
- National Sec. Counselors v. CIA, Nos. 11-443, 11-444, 11-445 (BAH), 2013 WL 4111616 (D.D.C. Aug. 15, 2013
- Pub. Citizen v. Dep’t of State, 11 F.3d 198 (D.C. Cir. 1993)
- Ray v. Turner, 587 F.2d 1187 (D.C. Cir. 1978)
- Students Against Genocide v. Dep’t of State, 257 F.3d 828 (D.C. Cir. 2001)
- Taylor v. Dep’t of the Army, 684 F.2d 99 (D.C. Cir. 1982)
- National Security Leaks
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- Katherine Jacobsen, NSA Revelations: A Timeline of What’s Come out Since Snowden Leaks Began, Christian Science Monitor, Oct. 16, 2013
- Dylan Byers, White House Defends Transparency Record After Scathing CPJ Report, Politico, Oct. 11, 2013
- Worst Since Nixon? Report Slams White House Leak Policy, National Public Radio, Oct. 11, 2013
- Peter Baker, After Leaks, Obama Leads Damage Control Effort, New York Times, June 28, 2013
- Scott Shane, Ex-Contractor is Charged in Leaks on N.S.A. Surveillance, New York Times, June 21, 2013
- Josh Gerstein, Edward Snowden Charged with 3 Felonies, POLITICO, June 21, 2103
- Timothy Gardner and Mark Hosenball, Spy Agency Seeks Criminal Probe into Leaks, Reuters, June 9, 2013
- Michael McAuliff and Greg Rosalsky, White House Leaks Mattered Less to GOP During Bush Administration, Huffington Post, June 8, 2013
- Ryan J. Reilly, Eric Holder Vows Not to Prosecute Reporters, Huffington Post, June 6, 2013
- Matt Sledge, Obama Whistleblower Prosecutions Lead to Chilling Effect on Press, Huffington Post, Mar. 16, 2013
- Floyd Abrams and Yochai Benkler, Death to Whistle-Blowers?, New York Times, Mar. 13, 2013
- Margaret Sullivan, The Danger of Suppressing the Leaks, New York Times, Mar. 9, 2013
- Andrew Rosenthal, Telling Secrets, New York Times, Mar. 5, 2013
- David Pozen, The Leaky Leviathan: Why the Government Condones Unlawful Disclosures of Information, 127 Harv. L. Rev. 512 (2013)
- Steven Aftergood, Sequester May Slow Pentagon Response to WikiLeaks, Secrecy News, Feb. 25, 2013
- Steven Aftergood, Leak of White Paper Boots Intelligence Oversight, Secrecy News, Feb. 11, 2013
- Jack Mirkinson, John Brennan Grilled About Leaks to Media During Confirmation Hearing, Huffington Post, Feb. 7, 2013
- Ryan J. Reilly, Obama to Provide Drones Memo to Congress, Huffington Post, Feb. 6, 2013
- Scott Shane and Charlie Savage, Report on Targeted Killing Whets Appetite for Less Secrecy, New York Times, Feb. 5, 2013
- Michael Isikoff, Justice Department Memo Reveals Legal Case for Drone Strikes on Americans, NBC News, Feb. 4, 2013
- Michael S. Schmidt, Ex-CIA Officer Sentenced to 30 Months in Leak, New York Times, Jan. 25, 2013
- Ted Gup, Secret Double Standard, New York Times, Jan. 8, 2013
- Steven Aftergood, Can Disclosures of Classified Information Be Authorized?, Secrecy News, Dec. 19, 2012
- Steven Aftergood, Crime Reports and the Leak Referral Process, Secrecy News, Dec. 17, 2012
- Leigh Munsil, We’re Not Spying on you, DOD Assures Journos, POLITICO, Sept. 7, 2012
- Steven Aftergood, Leak Furor Persists in Senate, Secrecy News, Aug. 2, 2012
- Scott Shane, Inquiry Into U.S. Leaks is Casting Chill Over Coverage, New York Times, Aug. 1, 2012
- Josh Gerstein and Scott Wong, Bill to Plug Leaks Doesn’t Reach White House, POLITICO, July 31, 2012
- Richard Moberly, Whistleblowers and the Obama Presidency: The National Security Dilemma, 16 Employee Rights & Employment Policy Journal 61, June 27, 2012
- Heidi Kitrosser, Free Speech Aboard the Leaky Ship of State: Calibrating First Amendment Protection for Leakers of Classified Information, 6 Journal of National Security Law & Policy 2, May 31, 2012
- Michael Calderone and Dan Froomkin, ‘Reporter’s Privilege’ Under Fire From Obama Administration Amid Broader War on Leaks, Huffington Post, May 18, 2012
- Shirin Sinnar, Protecting Rights from Within? Inspectors General and National Security Oversight, 65 Stan. L. Rev. 1027 (2012)
- Tricia Bishop, Drake Pleads Guilty to Misdemeanor in NSA Espionage Case, The Baltimore Sun, June 10, 2011
- Jane Mayer, The Secret Sharer: Is Thomas Drake an Enemy of the State?, The New Yorker, May 23, 2011
- Michael Isikoff, The Fed Who Blew the Whistle, Newsweek Magazine, Dec. 12, 2008
- Surveillance Secrecy
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- Cases
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- Elec. Frontier Found. v. Dep’t of Justice, No. 12-5363, 2014 WL 25916 (D.D.C. Jan. 3, 2014)
- ACLU v. Clapper, No. 12 Civ. 3994, 2013 WL 6819708 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 27, 2013)
- Klayman v. Obama, 957 F. Supp. 2d 1 (D.C. Cir. 2013)
- In re Elec. Privacy Info. Ctr., 134 S. Ct. 638 (Nov. 18, 2013)(denying petition for mandamus)
- Elec. Frontier Found. v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, No. 12-5363 (D.C. Cir. Nov. 26, 2013) (Exemption 5)
- Elec. Privacy Info. Ctr. v. Dep’t of Homeland Security, No. 13-260 (JEB), 2013 WL 5976973 (D.D.C. 2013)
- Elec. Privacy Info. Ctr. v. NSA, No. 10-196, 2013 WL 5701645 (D.C. Cir. Oct. 21, 2013)
- Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l USA, 133 S. Ct. 1138 (2013)
- Elec. Privacy Info. Ctr. v. NSA, 678 F.3d 926 (D.D.C. 2012)
- ACLU v. Dep’t of Justice, 655 F.3d 1 (D.C. Cir. 2011)
- Elec. Privacy Info. Ctr. v. NSA, 798 F. Supp. 2d 26 (D.D.C. 2011)
- United States v. U.S. Dist. Ct.(Keith), 407 U.S. 297 (1972)
- International Response
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- Australia
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- Hackers File Complaint Against Government, The Local, Feb. 3, 2014
- Kerry in Berlin: “US Is Committed to Privacy,” The Local, Jan. 31, 2014
- Merkel Rebukes US and UK over Spying, The Local, Jan. 29, 2014
- David E. Sanger and Alison Smale, U.S.-Germany Intelligence Partnership Falters Over Spying,New York Times, Dec. 16, 2013
- Dan Bilefsky, Indignation in Europe Over Claims that U.S. Spied on Merkel’s Phone, New York Times, Oct. 24, 2013
- Great Britain
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- Jared P. Cole, Disclosure of FISA Opinions – Select Legal Issues, Congressional Research Service, Feb. 24, 2014
- Joint Statement by Attorney General Eric Holder and Director of National Intelligence James Clapper on the Declassification of Additional Documents Regarding Collection Under Section 501 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, Department of Justice, Feb. 12, 2014
- The Report of the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board on Reforms to the Section 215 Telephone Records Program and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, Senate Judiciary Committee, Feb. 12, 2014
- Statement of Senator Patrick Leahy, Chairman, Senate Judiciary Committee, Hearing on the Report of the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board on Reforms to the Section 215 Telephone Records Program and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, Feb. 12, 2014
- Joint Statement by Attorney General Eric Holder and Director of National Intelligence James Clapper on New Reporting Methods for National Security Orders, Department of Justice, Jan. 27, 2014
- Report on the Telephone Records Program Conducted Under Section 215 of the USA PATRIOT Act and on the Operations of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board, Jan. 23, 2014
- Separate Statement by Board Member Elisebeth Collins Cook, Report on the Telephone Records Program Conducted Under Section 215 of the USA PATRIOT Act and on the Operations of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board, Jan. 23, 2014
- Separate Statement by Board Member Rachel Brand, Report on the Telephone Records Program Conducted Under Section 215 of the USA PATRIOT Act and on the Operations of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board, Jan. 23, 2014
- James M. Cole, Deputy Attorney General, Letter Outlining Options for Provider Disclosures of Requests for Data, Jan. 17, 2014
- Remarks by the President on Review of Signals Intelligence,Jan. 17, 2014
- Presidential Policy Directive 28, Jan. 17, 2014
- Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board, Report on the Telephone Records Program Conducted under Section 215 of the USA PATRIOT Act and on the Operations of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, Jan. 23, 2014
- Andrew Nolan and Richard M. Thompson II, Reform of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Courts: Procedural and Operational Changes, Congressional Research Service, Jan. 16, 2014
- Liberty and Security in a Changing World, Report and Recommendations of the President’s Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies, Dec. 12, 2013
- Semi-Annual Report to the President and Congress: March 2013-September 2013, Privacy & Civil Liberties Oversight Board, November 2013
- David Medine, Chairman, 12333 Guidelines Letter to Director of National Intelligence and Attorney General, Privacy & Civil Liberties Oversight Board, Aug. 22, 2013
- Privacy & Civil Liberties Oversight Board, Statement on Meeting With President, June 21, 2013
- Semi-Annual Report to the President and Congress: September 2012-March 2013, Privacy & Civil Liberties Oversight Board, June 2013
- Transforming the Security Classification System, Report to the President from the Public Interest Declassification Board, November 2012
- Articles
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- Ellen Nakashima, NSA Nominee Backs Obama on Shifting Responsibility for Phone Data Collection, Washington Post, Mar. 11, 2014
- Siobhan Gorman, NSA Chief Opens Door to Narrower Data Collection, Wall Street Journal, Feb. 27, 2014
- Ellen Nakashima, NSA Director Calls for Stronger Strategy to Deter Cyberattacks, Washington Post, Feb. 27, 2014
- Dan Novack, DOJ Still Ducking Scrutiny After Misleading Supreme Court on Surveillance, First Look, Feb. 26, 2014
- Siobhan Gorman and Devlin Barrett, White House Weighs Option for Revamping NSA Surveillance, Wall Street Journal, Feb. 25, 2014
- Bennett Stein, In Court Today: Challenging DOJ Secrecy on Use of Warrantless Cell Phone Location Tracking, ACLU, Feb. 20, 2014
- Julian, Hattern, Dems Press Holder on Secret FBI Letters, The Hill, Feb. 19, 2014
- David Kravets, Reading Between the Lines of Redacted NSA Documents, Wired, Feb. 19, 2014
- Thomas Gryta, AT&T Got National Security Requests for 35,000 Accounts, Wall Street Journal, Feb. 18, 2014
- Eli Lake, Spy Chief: We Should’ve Told You We Track Your Calls, The Daily Beast, Feb. 17, 2014
- Conor Friedersdorf, Behold the Selective Outrage Over National-Security Leaks, The Atlantic, Feb. 13, 2014
- Marisa Taylor and Jonathan S. Landay, NSA Denies All Requests for Personal Information, Portland Press Herald, Feb. 12, 2014
- Jennifer Granick, Eight Questions PCLOB Should Ask about Section 702, Just Security, Feb. 11, 2014
- William Dotinga, Surveillance Records Demand Kept in Knots, Courthouse News, Feb. 11, 2014
- Ellen Nakashima, NSA Is Collecting Less Than 30 Percent of U.S. Call Data, Officials Say, Washington Post, Feb. 7, 2014
- Richard Salgado, Shedding Some Light on Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) Requests, Google Official Blog, Feb. 3, 2014
- Ron Bell, Aaron Altschuler, More Transparency For U.S. National Security Requests, Yahoo, Feb. 3, 2014
- Colin Stretch, Facebook New Data About National Security Requests,Facebook, Feb. 3, 2014
- Erika Rottenberg, Updated LinkedIn Transparency Report: Including Requests Related to U.S. National Security- Related Matters, LinkedIn, Feb. 3, 2014
- Google, Facebook and Other Internet Companies Disclose Secret U.S. Demands For Data, Business Week, Feb. 3, 2014
- Brad Smith, Providing Additional Transparency on US Government Requests for Customer Data, Microsoft on the Issues, Feb. 3, 2014
- Editorial Board: Making Surveillance a Little Less Opaque, New York Times, Feb. 1, 2014
- James Ball, Angry Birds and “Leaky” Phone Apps Targeted by NSA and GCHQ for User Data, The Guardian, Jan. 28, 2014
- Dana Liebelson, Here’s Why Obama’s Surveillance Transparency Deal with Tech Companies Doesn’t Matter, Mother Jones, Jan. 27, 2014
- Craig Timberg and Adam Goldman, U.S. to Allow Companies to Disclose More Details on Government Requests for Data, Washington Post, Jan. 27, 2014
- Matt Apuzzo and Nicole Perlroth, U.S. Relaxes Some Data Disclosure Rules, New York Times, Jan. 27, 2014
- Evan Perez, U.S. to Let Tech Companies Release More Surveillance Data,CNN, Jan. 27, 2014
- Report: Spies Use Smartphone Apps to Track People, Washington Post, Jan. 27, 2014
- Tony Romm, Obama Administration to Allow Facebook, Google, Others More NSA Transparency, POLITICO, Jan. 27, 2014
- Nick Statt, NSA Using “Leaky Apps” Like Angry Birds, Google Maps to Siphon User Data, CNET, Jan. 27, 2014
- James Glanz, et al., Spy Agencies Tap Data Streaming From Phone Apps,New York Times, Jan. 27, 2014
- Zoe Tillman, DOJ, Tech Companies Reach Deal on Disclosure of Surveillance Data, Legal Times, Jan. 27, 2014
- Peter Goldmark, Secrecy of Surveillance Court Is Suffocating, Athens Banner-Herald, Jan. 21, 2014
- Judge: Feds Don’t Have to Disclose Use of Expanded US Surveillance in Chicago Terrorism Case, Associated Press, Jan. 20, 2014
- Jason Meisner, Judge Rejects Looking into if Surveillance Program Led to Terrorism Charge, Chicago Tribune, Jan. 20, 2014
- James Oliphant, Obama’s NSA Proposals Fall Short of Real Change,National Journal, Jan. 17, 2014
- The Caucus, Analysis of Obama’s NSA Speech, New York Times, Jan. 17, 2014
- Transcript of President Obama’s Jan. 17 Speech on NSA Reforms, Washington Post, Jan. 17, 2014
- Lauren Harper, The “Top 10” Surveillance Lies Edward Snowden’s Leak Shed “Heat and Light” Upon, National Security Archive, Jan. 17, 2014
- David Jackson, Obama’s NSA Speech: 53 Years After Ike’s Warning, USA Today, Jan. 16, 2014
- Salvador Rodriguez, NSA Gathers 200 Million Text Messages Daily, Snowden Leak Says, Los Angeles Times, Jan. 16, 2014
- Lauren Kirchner, FOIA Fight for NSA Documents Continues, Columbia Journalism Review, Jan. 15, 2014s
- Rachel Swan, The Wireless: Law Enforcement’s Secret Partnership with Phone Companies Makes Everything Transparent Except the Law, SF Weekly, Jan. 15, 2014
- James Oliphant, If You Want Obama to Rein in the NSA, You’re About to Be Disappointed, National Journal, Jan. 14, 2014
- Conor Friedersdorf, How NSA Apologists Exploit State Secrets, The Atlantic, Jan. 10, 2014
- Adam Serwer, What Will Happen to NSA Programs? That’s a Secret,MSNBC, Jan. 9, 2014
- Shane Harris, Congressmen Reveal Secret Report’s Findings to Discredit Snowden, Foreign Policy, Jan. 9, 2014
- Evan Perez, Top-secret Court Renews NSA Snooping at Critical Point,CNN, Jan. 5, 2014
- Brian Fung, The NSA Refuses to Deny Spying on Members of Congress,Washington Post, Jan. 4, 2014
- Conor Finnegan, NSA Won’t Say Whether it Spies on Congress, CNN, Jan. 4, 2014
- DOJ Surveillance Law Memo Can Remain Secret, Court Says, The Blog of Legal Times, Jan. 3, 2014
- Brian Fung, A Secret Court Just Let the NSA Keep Spying on Your Phone Records. Again, Washington Post, Jan. 3, 2014
- Michael Tarm, Arguments on Surveillance Heard in Terrorism Case,Associated Press, Jan. 3, 2014
- Dustin Volz, Everything We Learned from Edward Snowden in 2013, Nextgov, Dec. 31, 2013
- Judge Rules NSA Phone Tracking Legal, Associated Press, Dec. 27, 2013
- Steven Aftergood, Intel Review Group Urges Reduced Secrecy, Secrecy News, Dec. 20, 2013
- David E. Sanger, Obama Weighing Security and Privacy in Deciding on Spy Program Limits, New York Times, Dec. 19, 2013
- The Judge and the NSA, The Wall Street Journal, Dec. 18, 2013
- Robert Turner, Why Judge Leon’s NSA Ruling Is Wrong, The Wall Street Journal, Dec. 18, 2013
- Doyle McManus, What Edward Snowden Started, Los Angeles Times, Dec. 18, 2013
- Will the NSA Finally Get its Day in Court?, Bloomberg View, Dec. 17, 2013
- Andrew Cohen, Judge’s Ruling Could Jeopardize NSA Surveillance, The Atlantic, Dec. 16, 2013
- Ellen Nakashima and Ann E. Marimow, Judge: NSA’s Collecting of Phone Records Is Probably Unconstitutional, Washington Post, Dec. 16, 2013
- Charlie Savage, Judge Questions Legality of N.S.A. Phone Records, New York Times, Dec. 16, 2013
- David E. Sanger, Obama Panel Said to Urge N.S.A. Curbs, New York Times, Dec. 12, 2013
- Siobhan Gorman, Presidential Task Force Recommends Overhaul of NSA Surveillance Tactics, Wall Street Journal, Dec. 12, 2013
- Lauren Kirchner, ProPublica FOIAs for NSA Surveillance Info, Columbia Journalism Review,Nov. 22, 2013
- Corey Mitchell, Franken Wants More NSA Transparency, Star Tribune, Nov. 14, 2013
- Groups Challenge Obama: Commit to Curb Secret Law, OpentheGovernment.org, Oct. 30, 2013
- Michael Doyle, EPIC FOIA Fails to get Secret Presidential Cybersecurity Order, McClathcyDC, Oct. 22, 2013
- A Push for Public Access in Surveillance Reform, Open the Government, Oct. 9, 2013
- Scott Shane and Colin Moynihan, Drug Agents Use Vast Phone Trove, Eclipsing NSA’s, New York Times, Sept. 1, 2013
- Calls for Transparency and Oversight on Intelligence Surveillance Programs, OpentheGovernment.org, Aug. 6, 2013
- In the Secret State: Public Opinion May Be Shifting, at Last, Against Government Intrusiveness, The Economist, Aug. 3, 2013
- Timothy B. Lee, Could the Supreme Court Stop the NSA?, Washington Post, July 9, 2013
- obert Barnes, Secrecy of Surveillance Programs Blunts Challenges About Legality, Washington Post, June 7, 2013
- Books, Commentary, and Reports
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- Selected Books
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- Bob Woodward, Obama’s Wars, Simon & Schuster, 2010.
- Garry Wills, Bomb Power: The Modern Presidency and the National Security State, The Penguin Press, 2010.
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- Robert M. Pallitto, William G. Weaver, Presidential Secrecy and the Law, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007.
- Sam C. Sarkesian, John Allen Williams, Stephen J. Cimbala, U.S. National Security: Policymakers, Processes, and Politics, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2007.
- Phillip H. Melanson, Secrecy Wars: National Security, Privacy, and the Public’s Right to Know, Potomac Books, Inc., 2002.
- Amos A. Jordan, William J. Taylor, Jr., Michael J. Mazarr, Sam Nunn,American National Security, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.
- Mark J. Rozell, Executive Privilege: Presidential Power, Secrecy and Accountability, Second Edition Revised, University Press of Kansas, 2002.
- Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Richard Gid Power, Secrecy: The American Experience, Yale University Press, 1998.
- Harold C. Relyea, Security Classified and Controlled Information. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2008.
- Disclosure of Classified Information to Congress. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1998.
- Angus Mackenzie, Secrets: The CIA’s War at Home. University of California Press: 1997.
- Jeffrey T. Richelson, The U.S. Intelligence Community, third edition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995.
- Richard K. Willard, National Security and the First Amendment, Chicago, IL: American Bar Association, Standing Committee on Law and National Security, 1984.
- Edward A. Shils, The Torment of Secrecy: The Background and Consequences of American Security Policies, The Free Press, 1956.
- John M. Orman, Presidential Secrecy and Deception: Beyond the Power to Persuade, GP Greenwood Press, 1980.
- Commentary
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- Steven Aftergood, Disclosure of FISA Court Opinions: Legal Issues (CRS), Secrecy News, Mar. 4. 2014
- Steven Aftergood, DoD Inspector General Report on Overclassification Misses the Mark, Secrecy News, Oct. 24, 2013
- Steven Afterfood, What is Overclassification?, Secrecy News, Oct. 21, 2013
- Steven Aftergood, Surveillance Court Orders Prove Hard to Declassify, Secrecy News, Jan. 8, 2013
- Editorial,“Top Secret'” – or Not, Boston Herald, Jan. 6, 2013
- Steven Aftergood, Can Disclosures of Classified Information Be Authorized?, Secrecy News, Dec. 19, 2012
- Editorial,Official Secrets by the Petabytes, The New York Times, Dec. 14, 2012
- Steven Aftergood, Agency Board Urges White House to Lead Secrecy Reform, Secrecy News, Dec. 6, 2012
- Elizabeth Rindskopf Parker, Recommendation 14: Using Technology to Modernize Classification and Declassification, Transforming Classification, Dec. 5, 2012
- William Leary, Recommendation 8: Strengthening the Authorities of the National Declassification Center (NDC), Transforming Classification, Dec. 2, 2012
- Martin Faga, Recommendations 2 and 3: A Two-tiered Classification System and the Use of Identifiable Levels of Protection to Define Classification Level, Transforming Classification, Nov. 30, 2012
- Steven Aftergood, Pentagon Inspector General to Probe Overclassification, Secrecy News, Nov. 5, 2012
- Steven Aftergood, Court Orders FBI to Release Withheld Information, Secrecy News, Oct. 26, 2012
- Steven Aftergood, “Negative Reciprocity” Emerges in the Security Clearance System, Oct. 23, 2012
- Steven Aftergood, The Purpose of National Security Policy, Declassified, Secrecy News, Oct. 17, 2012
- Angela Canterbury, President Obama Issues Landmark Directive for National Security and Intelligence Community Whistleblowers, Project on Government Oversight, Oct. 10, 2012
- Steven Aftergood, Govt Appeals Order to Release Classified Document, Secrecy News, Sept. 20, 2012
- Steven Aftergood, Court Says Agency Classification Decision Is Not “Logical”,Secrecy News Mar. 2, 2012
- Kevin R. Kosar, Classified Information Policy and Executive Order 13526, CRS, Dec. 10, 2010
- Steven Aftergood, The Race to Fix the Classification System, Nov. 29, 2010
- Steven Aftergood, National Security Secrecy: How the Limits Change, Social Research Vol. 77 : No. 3 : Fall 2010
- Jesselyn Radack, Problem with Secrecy Is Over-Classification Not Leaks, Government Accountability Project, Oct. 22, 2010
- Steven Aftergood, Confronting Overclassification, Secrecy News, Oct. 19, 2010
- Steven Aftergood, Inspectors General to Help Oversee Classification, Secrecy News, Sept. 29, 2010
- Steven Aftergood, DARPA Seeks Technology to Support Declassification, Secrecy News, Sept. 22, 2010
- Steven Aftergood, A Look Back at “Classification Management,””Secrecy News, Sept. 22, 2010
- Steven Aftergood, New Order on State, Local Access to Classified Info, Secrecy News, Aug. 23, 2010
- P.J. Coyle, EO-Sharing Classified Information, Chemical Facility Security News, Aug. 19, 2010
- Steven Aftergood, Rethinking “Formerly Restricted Data,”Secrecy News, July 29, 2010
- P.J. Coyle, HR 553 Reported in Senate, Chemical Facility Security News, June 1, 2010
- Steven Aftergood, Secrecy System Churned Along in 2009, Secrecy News, Apr. 15, 2010
- Steven Aftergood, House Approves Two Secrecy Policy Measures, Secrecy News, Mar. 1, 2010
- Steven Aftergood, Moving Beyond “A Declassification System That Does Not Work,”Secrecy News, Feb. 22, 2010
- Letters to the Editor, When Should a Government Document Be Secret?, Washington Post, Jan. 24, 2010
- Editorial,Classified Material, Washington Post, Jan. 18, 2010
- Jon Weiner, Obama’s Fight Against Secrecy, Los Angeles Times, Jan. 6, 2010
- Steven Aftergood, Obama Designates and Limits Original Classifiers, Secrecy News, Jan. 6, 2010
- Paul Wolf, Obama Declassification Order Rolls Back Bush Secrecy Legacy, World War 4 Report, Jan. 5, 2010
- Steven Aftergood, The Dec 2009 Declass Deadline: What Didn’t Happen, Secrecy News, Jan. 4, 2010
- Steven Aftergood, The New Executive Order Expected to Curb Secrecy, Secrecy News, Jan. 4, 2010
- Clyde Middleton, Obama’s EO on Classified Docs Is Not a “Sweeping Overhaul,”Philadelphia Conservative Examiner, Jan. 3, 2010
- Meredith Fuchs, Obama Executive Order on Classification: Reflects Public’s Comments, Makes a Commitment to Declassify Hundreds of Millions of Pages of Historical Materials, Sets the Stage for Reduction in Overclassification, Unredacted, the National Security Archive, unedited and uncensored, Dec. 30, 2009
- Josh Gerstein, Mystery Surrounds New Obama Order on Classification, Politico, Dec. 29, 2009
- Steven Aftergood, Reducing Governing Secrecy: Finding What Works, Secrecy News, Yale Law & Policy Review (2009)
- Steven Aftergood, New Executive Order Aims to Avoid Declass Deadline, Secrecy News, Nov. 23, 2009
- Steven Aftergood, Draft Order Would Set New Limits on Classification, Secrecy News, Sept. 29, 2009
- Steven Aftergood, Interagency Secrecy Reviews Draw to a Close, Secrecy News, Aug. 31, 2009
- J. William Leonard, Classification: Radical, Let Alone Incremental, Reform Is Not Enough!, Informed Consent, Aug. 9, 2009
- Herbert Briick, Declassification Policy, Office of Science & Technology Policy Blog, June 29, 2009
- Jordan Weissmann, Judge: Yes, Detainees Can Ask to See Their Own Statements, Legal Times, July 10, 2009
- Jennifer Sims, Classification Policy, Office of Science & Technology Policy Blog, July 6, 2009
- Daniel J. Metcalfe, The Nature of Government Secrecy, 26 Gov’t Info. Quarterly 305 (2009)
- Reports
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- Leonard Downie Jr and Sara Rafsky, The Obama Administration and the Press: Leak Investigations and Surveillance in Post-9/11 America, Oct. 10, 2013
- Inspector General, Department of Defense, DoD Evaluation of Over-Classification of National Security Information, Sep. 30, 2013
- Jennifer K. Elsea, Criminal Prohibitions on the Publication of Classified Defense Information, Jan. 31, 2013
- Charles Doyle, Stealing Trade Secrets and Economic Espionage: An Overview of 18 U.S.C. 1831 and 1832, Jan. 28, 2013
- Jennifer K. Elsea, The Protection of Classified Information: The Legal Framework, Jan 10, 2013
- Wendy Ginsberg, The Presidential Records Act: Background and Recent Issues for Congress, Nov. 15, 2012
- Wendy Ginsberg, et al., Government Transparency and Secrecy: An Examination of Meaning and Its Use in the Executive Branch, Nov. 14, 2012
- Marked Classified Information, Center for Development of Security Excellence, October 2012
- Matthew C. Weed, U.S. Public Diplomacy: Legislative Proposals to Amend Prohibitions on Disseminating Materials to Domestic Audiences, Sept. 21, 2012
- Todd Garvey and Alissa M. Dolan, Presidential Claims of Executive Privilege: History, Law, Practice, and Recent Developments, Aug. 21, 2012
- Christopher M. Davis, Resolutions of Inquiry: An Analysis of Their Use in the House, 1947-2011, May 15, 2012
- Frederick M. Kaiser, Protection of Classified Information by Congress: Practices and Proposals, Aug. 31, 2011
- Harold C. Relyea, Jeffrey W. Seifert, Access to Government Information: The Presidential Transition, 2008-2009, Apr. 12, 2010
- OpenTheGovernment.org Report, Secrecy Report Card 2010, OpenTheGovernment.org, September 2010
- Kevin R. Kosar, Security Classification Policy and Procedure: E.O. 12958 as Amended, Nov. 3, 2009
- The Constitution Project’s Liberty and Security Committee, Reining in Excessive Secrecy: Recommendations for Reform of the Classification and Controlled Unclassified Information Systems, The Constitution Project, July 16, 2009
- Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Program Manager,Information Sharing Environment, Progress and Plans Annual Report to the Congress, June 2009
- Harold C. Relyea, CRS Report for Congress, Presidential Directives Background and Overview, Apr. 23, 2007
- Harold C. Relyea, CRS Report for Congress, Security Classification Policy and Procedure: E.O. 12958, as Amended, Updated Mar. 17, 2008
- Kate Martin, Congressional Access to Classified National Security Information, March 2007
- Report to the Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Managing Sensitive Information — DOJ Needs a More Complete Staffing Strategy for Managing Classified Information and a Set of Internal Controls for Other Sensitive Information, October 2006
- United States Government Accountability Office, Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on National Security, Emerging Threats and International Relations, Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, Managing Sensitive Information Actions Needed to Ensure Recent Changes in DOE Oversight Do Not Weaken an Effective Classification System, June 2006
- United States Government Accountability Office, Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on National Security, Emerging Threats and International Relations, Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, Managing Sensitive Information — DOD Can More Effectively Reduce the Risk of Classification Errors, June 2006
- Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy, Senate Document 105-2, 1997
- Department of Energy, Dr. Albert Narath, Chair, Report of the Fundamental Classification Policy Review Group, Jan. 15, 1997
- National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) Committee on Declassification of Information for the Department of Energy Environmental Remediation and Related Programs, A Review of the Department of Energy Classification Policy and Practice/Committee on Declassification of Information for the Department of Energy Environmental Remediation and Related Programs, Board on Radioactive Waste Management, Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., National Academy Press, 1995
- Conferences and Programs
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- Related News Articles
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- Ted Gup, Secret Double Standard, The New York Times, Jan. 8, 2013
- Jason Miller, Declassification Board Agitates for Changes to Document Management, Federal News Radio, Dec. 10, 2012
- Charles S. Clark, Agencies Keep Too Many Documents Classified, President Told, Government Executive, Dec. 7, 2012
- Scott Shane, Federal Plan Calls for Overhauling Secrecy Policies, The New York Times, Dec. 5, 2012
- Michael Doyle, More Guantanamo Detainee Videos Will Remain Secret, Suits & Sentences, Dec. 5, 2012
- Exceptionally Grave Damage: NSA Refuses to Declassify Obama’s Cybersecurity Directive, RT, Nov. 21, 2012
- Boots on the Ground: Obama’s Cybersecurity Directive Could Allow Military Deployment Within the US, RT, Nov. 16, 2012
- Mark Thompson, Sorry About That, Chief: A Class in ClassificationTime, Nov. 1, 2012
- Daphne Eviatar, Can 9/11 Defendants’ “Memories and Experiences” Be Classified?, Huffington Post, Oct. 16, 2012
- Cora Currier, Still Classified: Terror Suspect’s Own Accounts of Their Abuse, ProPublica, Oct. 10, 2012.
- Jack Goldsmith, Thoughts on Today’s Important Drone FOIA Oral Argument in DC Circuit, Lawfare, Sept. 20, 2012
- Charles S. Clark, Government is Ramping up Document Declassifications, Government Executive, Aug. 29, 2012
- Josh Gerstein, Judge Issues Rare Order to Release Classified Document, Politico, Feb. 29, 2012
- Mark Rockwell, NSA Declines to Release Presidential Cyber Directive, Government Security News, Nov. 23, 2011
- Comments Sought to Reform System for Secret Docs, (audio) Federal News Radio, May, 11, 2011
- Robert Brodsky, Administration Orders Review of Classified Information Safeguards, Government Executive, Nov. 29, 2010
- Stephen Miller, National Security, Media, Discussed at Newseum Conference, Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, Oct. 29, 2010
- Jack Goldsmith, Our Nation’s Secrets, Stuck in a Broken System, Washington Post, Oct. 22, 2010
- Michael Isikoff, “Double Standard” Explored in White House Leak Probe, MSNBC, Oct. 21, 2010
- Shaun Waterman, Transparency: Obama’s Mixed Scorecard, ISN Insights, Oct. 13, 2010
- Ben Rhodes, The President Signs H.R. 553, The Reducing Over-Classification Act, The White House Blog, Oct. 7, 2010
- Darlene Superville, Obama Signs Pair of Intelligence Bills into Law, Associated Press, Oct. 7, 2010
- Juliana Gruenwald, Obama Signs Bill to Curb Overclassification, National Journal, Oct. 7, 2010
- Chris Strohm, Obama Signs First Intelligence Authorization Bill in Five Years, Congress Daily, Oct. 7, 2010
- Mickey McCarter, Congress Passes Flurry of Homeland Security Bills, HSToday, Sept. 29, 2010
- Press Release, Congress Passes Important Bill to Reduce Government Secrecy, ACLU, Sept. 29, 2010
- Dorobek Insider, Two Bills Target Over-Classification of Information, Federal News Radio, Sept. 29, 2010
- Kate Martin, Reigning in Secrecy at Your Local Police Department, Huffington Post, Sept. 29, 2010
- Spencer Ackerman, Darpa Wants You to Build an Anti-Secrecy App, Wired, Sept. 14, 2010
- Press Release, Report: Secrecy Ebbs From Bush Administration High Water Marks, Backlogs in Declassification System, OpenTheGovernment.org, Sept. 7, 2010
- Sean Reilly, Defining “Sensitive But Unclassified” Surprisingly Complex, Federal Times, Sept. 5, 2010
- David Perera, Obama Excuses State Governors From Background Checks to See Classified Info, Fierce Government IT, Aug. 25, 2010
- Jacob Goodwin, Governors Don’t Need Background Checks to See Classified Information, Says Obama, Government Security News, Aug. 22, 2010
- Scott Amey, Classification Data — The Tale of the Tape, Project on Government Oversight, Apr. 15, 2010
- Press Release, Constitution Project Welcomes 2009 Report on Government Classification System for National Security Information, Apr. 15, 2010
- Letting the Sun Shine In, The Sun Chronicle, Mar. 21, 2010
- Eric Lichtblau, Report Faults U.S.’s Efforts at Transparency, The New York Times, Mar. 14, 2010
- Jim Morris, Ten Million CIA Documents Require In-Person Visit, Sunlight Foundation, Feb. 19, 2010
- Bryan Rahija, One Important Step Towards Curbing Over-Classification, Project on Government Oversight, Feb. 26, 2010
- POGO Joins Letter to Committee on Homeland Security on Over-Classification, Project on Government Oversight, Feb. 23, 2010
- Max Cacas, Archivist Details Challenges of Massive Declassification Job, Federal News Radio, Feb. 3, 2010
- Max Cacas, National Declassification Center Faces Unique Challenges, Federal News Radio, Feb. 3, 2010
- Max Cacas, Exec. Order Breaks New Ground in Declassification, Federal News Radio, Jan. 29, 2010
- Max Cacas, New Rules for Declassification Discussed, Federal News Radio, Jan. 29, 2010
- Let Sunshine In, Miami Herald, Jan. 19, 2010
- Aliya Sternstein, System Preserves E-Mail, ‘Berry Messages, nextgov, Jan. 15, 2010
- Administration Revises Classification and Declassification Systems, OMB Watch, Jan. 12, 2010
- Theodore Kettle, Obama Imperils Intel Briefings, Newsmax.com, Jan. 3, 2010
- Tamara Lytle, Government Secrets Can’t Last Forever, Sphere, Dec. 30, 2009
- Mickey McCarter, Rogers Decries Politicizing of ICE Report, HS Today, Dec. 30, 2009
- Michael D. Shear, Nation Digest: Obama Creates National Declassification Center, Washington Post, Dec. 30, 2009
- Archivist of the United States Announces Establishment of the National Declassification Center, news release, Dec. 30, 2009
- Travis Sanford, Obama Orders Overhaul in “Top Secret” Rules, Courthouse News Service, Dec. 30, 2009
- Obama Issues Long-Awaited Declassification Order, Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, Dec. 30, 2009
- RTT Staff Writer, Obama Issues Executive Order Establishing National Declassification Center, RTT News, Dec. 30, 2009
- Ari Shapiro, Executive Order Reduces Total of Classified Papers, National Public Radio, Dec. 30, 2009
- Declassified, Big Think, Dec. 30, 2009
- Charlie Savage, Obama Curbs Secrecy of Classified Documents, The New York Times, Dec. 29, 2009
- Jon Garcia, Obama Dialing Back the Bush-Era Secrets Rules, ABC News Blog, Dec. 29, 2009
- Obama to Reform Security Classification, United Press International, Dec. 29, 2009
- Michael D. Shear, Obama Orders Creation of Declassification Center, Washington Post, Dec. 29, 2009
- Anne Flaherty, Obama Moves to Curb Federal Secrets, Encourage Declassification, Associated Press, Dec. 29, 2009
- Obama Moves to Curb Federal Secrets, Associated Press, Dec. 29, 2009
- Pete Yost, Do All Those Government Secrets Need to Be Secret?, NewsTimes.com, Dec. 20, 2009
- Pete Yost, Obama Plan Could Limit Records Hidden From Public, NewsTimes.com, Dec. 20, 2009
- Cam Simpson & Siobhan Gorman, Agencies to Ease Sharing of Clues on Threats, The Wall Street Journal, Dec. 16, 2009
- Bryan Bender, Release of Secret Reports Delayed, Boston Globe, Nov. 29, 2009
- Mike Scarcella, Judge: Government Can Rely on ‘Top Secret’ Information in Gitmo Case, Legal Times, Nov. 9, 2009
- Bill Gertz, Executive Order Update, Washington Times, Sept. 24, 2009
- Secrecy Report Card Gives Modest Grades to Bush and Obama, OMB Watch, Sept. 15, 2009
- Ellen Nakashima, Bush-Era Official’s Appointment to Declassification Panel Draws Fire, Washington Post, Sept. 11, 2009
- Clint Hendler, How to Keep Secrets, Columbia Journalism Review, Sept. 2, 2009
- Aliya Sternstein, Administration Has Yet to Make Proposed Security Policy Revisions Public, nextgov, Aug. 31, 2009
- Meteor Blades, Declassified Briefing Still Classified, Says CIA, Daily Kos, July 29, 2009
- Suzanne Kubota, History at Risk Over Unclassified and Declassified Information, Federal News Radio, July 14, 2009
- Michael Isikoff & Mark Hosenball, Coming Soon: Declassified Bush-Era Torture Memos, Mar. 21, 2009
- Andrew Noyes, Archives Officials Urge Caution on Declassification Policy, CongressDaily, Mar. 16, 2009
- Declassification Panel Urges New Program to Avoid Increasing Backlog, The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, Jan. 9, 2008
- Fred Kaplan, Secret Again: The Absurd Scheme to Reclassify Documents, Slate, Feb. 23, 2006
- Useful Links
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- Center on National Security and the Law, Georgetown University Law Center
- Information Security Oversight Office (ISOO)
- Interagency Security Classification Appeals Panel (ISCAP)
- Federation of American Scientists
- National Declassification Center (NARA)
- National Security Archive
- Public Interest Declassification Board (PIDB)
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